Classes and Objects in Java

Example of Java Class

 also instance variable)   also instance variable)                  Example 2

                                                 Example 3

0 null

Output 1

0
null

Output 2

GeeksForGeeks

Output 3

GeeksForGeeks

Components of Java Classes

In general, class declarations can include these components, in order:

1. Modifiers : A class can be public or has default access (Refer this for details).
2. Class keyword: class keyword is used to create a class.
3. Class name: The name should begin with an initial letter (capitalized by convention).
4. Superclass(if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.
5. Interfaces(if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.
6. Body: The class body is surrounded by braces, < >.

Constructors are used for initializing new objects. Fields are variables that provide the state of the class and its objects, and methods are used to implement the behavior of the class and its objects.
There are various types of classes that are used in real-time applications such as nested classes , anonymous classes , and lambda expressions .

Java Objects

An object in Java is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents real-life entities. Objects are the instances of a class that are created to use the attributes and methods of a class. A typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods. An object consists of :

1. State : It is represented by attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.
2. Behavior : It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object with other objects.
3. Identity : It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to interact with other objects.

Example of an object: dog

Objects correspond to things found in the real world. For example, a graphics program may have objects such as “circle”, “square”, and “menu”. An online shopping system might have objects such as “shopping cart”, “customer”, and “product”.

Note: When we create an object which is a non primitive data type, it’s always allocated on the heap memory.

Declaring Objects (Also called instantiating a class)

When an object of a class is created, the class is said to be instantiated . All the instances share the attributes and the behavior of the class. But the values of those attributes, i.e. the state are unique for each object. A single class may have any number of instances.

Example:

Java Object Declaration

As we declare variables like (type name;). This notifies the compiler that we will use the name to refer to data whose type is type. With a primitive variable, this declaration also reserves the proper amount of memory for the variable. So for reference variables , the type must be strictly a concrete class name. In general, we can’t create objects of an abstract class or an interface.

Dog tuffy;

If we declare a reference variable(tuffy) like this, its value will be undetermined(null) until an object is actually created and assigned to it. Simply declaring a reference variable does not create an object.

Initializing a Java object

The new operator instantiates a class by allocating memory for a new object and returning a reference to that memory. The new operator also invokes the class constructor.

Example:

Hi my name is tuffy. My breed,age and color are papillon,5,white

Initialize by using method/function:

Software name is: Visual studio Software price is: 0.0

This class contains a single constructor. We can recognize a constructor because its declaration uses the same name as the class and it has no return type. The Java compiler differentiates the constructors based on the number and the type of the arguments. The constructor in the Dog class takes four arguments. The following statement provides “tuffy”, “papillon”,5, and “white” as values for those arguments:

Dog tuffy = new Dog("tuffy","papillon",5, "white");

The result of executing this statement can be illustrated as :

Memory Allocation of Java Objects

Note: All classes have at least one constructor. If a class does not explicitly declare any, the Java compiler automatically provides a no-argument constructor, also called the default constructor. This default constructor calls the class parent’s no-argument constructor (as it contains only one statement i.e super();), or the Object class constructor if the class has no other parent (as the Object class is the parent of all classes either directly or indirectly).

Ways to Create an Object of a Class

There are four ways to create objects in Java. Strictly speaking, there is only one way(by using a new keyword), and the rest internally use a new keyword.

1. Using new keyword

It is the most common and general way to create an object in Java.

Example:

// creating object of class Test
Test t = new Test();

2. Using Class.forName(String className) method

There is a pre-defined class in java.lang package with name Class. The forName(String className) method returns the Class object associated with the class with the given string name. We have to give a fully qualified name for a class. On calling the new Instance() method on this Class object returns a new instance of the class with the given string name.

// creating object of public class Test
// consider class Test present in com.p1 package
Test obj = (Test)Class.forName("com.p1.Test").newInstance();

3. Using clone() method

clone() method is present in the Object class. It creates and returns a copy of the object.

// creating object of class Test
Test t1 = new Test();
// creating clone of above object
Test t2 = (Test)t1.clone();

4. Deserialization

De-serialization is a technique of reading an object from the saved state in a file. Refer to Serialization/De-Serialization in Java

FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(filename);
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(file);
Object obj = in.readObject();

Creating multiple objects by one type only (A good practice)

In real-time, we need different objects of a class in different methods. Creating a number of references for storing them is not a good practice and therefore we declare a static reference variable and use it whenever required. In this case, the wastage of memory is less. The objects that are not referenced anymore will be destroyed by the Garbage Collector of Java.

Test test = new Test();
test = new Test();

In the inheritance system, we use a parent class reference variable to store a sub-class object. In this case, we can switch into different subclass objects using the same referenced variable.

Example:

class Animal <>
class Dog extends Animal <>
class Cat extends Animal <>
public class Test

 // using Dog object
 Animal obj = new Dog();
 // using Cat object
 obj = new Cat();
>

Anonymous Objects in Java

Anonymous objects are objects that are instantiated but are not stored in a reference variable.

• They are used for immediate method calls.
• They will be destroyed after method calling.
• They are widely used in different libraries. For example, in AWT libraries, they are used to perform some action on capturing an event(eg a key press).
• In the example below, when a key button(referred to by the btn) is pressed, we are simply creating an anonymous object of EventHandler class for just calling the handle method.

btn.setOnAction(new EventHandler()

 public void handle(ActionEvent event)
 
 System.out.println("Hello World!");
 >
>);

Difference between Java Class and Objects

The differences between class and object in Java are as follows:

Conclusion

Mastering the concepts of classes and objects is essential for any Java programmer. These foundational elements of Java allow for the creation of robust and scalable software designs. Understanding how to effectively use classes and objects can help you write more organized and modular code, which is easier to manage and extend.